Place, jobs, peers and the teenage years: exposure effects and intergenerational mobility

I show that where a child grows up has a causal effect on their adult income, but that place
matters most in the teenage years. I use variation in the age at which Australian children move to
identify this pattern of place exposure effects. I explore two potential explanations. First, this
pattern is partly explained by the fact that spending more years in a place in adolescence lifts the
probability of entering the associated local labor market and earning any corresponding wage
premium. Second, I identify long-lasting peer effects using cross-cohort variation in peer parental
income among permanent postcode residents.