Aging, Depression, and Non-Communicable Diseases in South Africa

This is the first study that offers a comprehensive analysis of depression among the old (60+ years) in South
Africa. By using an analytical framewrok that builds on the (sparse) extant literature and a new dataset extracted
from the four waves of the South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014), we
examine factors contributing to depression of people in this age cohort. Depending on whether the dependent
variable is binary (self-reported depression for ≥ 3 days in a week) or continuous (as in two indices of depression),
we use random effects probit estimator with Mundlak adjustment or simply random effects with Mundlak
adjustment. It is found that, among the old, those in their sixties, the Africans and Coloureds, women, those
suffering from multimorbidity, those in lower asset quartiles, and individuals suffering family bereavement are
more likely to be depressed. Factors that attenuate depression include marriage, pension, affluence, and trust in a
community and familiar neighbourhoods.